Replication File for:

Fan, Yingjie, Jennifer Pan, Tongtong Zhang. 2024. "Gender and Political Compliance under Authoritarian Rule". Comparative Political Studies.

*** Notes ***
All statistical analyses in the paper and online appendix are conducted using R (version 4.3.3).

Please set the working directory to the folder where this ReadMe.txt is located.


*** Code files ***
 (in the "Code" folder)

1) Main_rep.R: code that replicate all tables and figures in the main paper.
-- Output: Figures 1,3,4,5 in the main paper.
-- Note: Figure 2, which displays the flow of our survey experiment, was not generated in R.

2) Appendix_rep.R: code that replicate all tables and figures in the online appendices.
-- Output: Tables A1-A19, all figures in Appendix A.3, Figures 6-7 in Appendix A.6.


*** Datasets used in code ***
 (in the "Data" folder)

1) CI_MainExperiment.csv: main survey experiment on Confucius Institute (CI) teachers' political behavior. Unit = respondent--vignette on Taiwan's sovereignty.
-- Variables:
(1) ResponseId: respondent ID
(2) SelfCensor: indicator for self-censoring, =1 if respondent chose not to express any opinion on Taiwan's sovereignty, =0 otherwise.
(3) PosTaking1: indicator for one-sided position taking, =1 if respondent asserted that Taiwan is part of PRC and then censor discussion on this topic, =0 otherwise.
(4) PosTaking2: indicator for two-sided position introduction, =1 if respondent introduced PRC's and Taiwan's perspectives on Taiwan's sovereignty issue and then censor discussion on this topic, =0 otherwise.
(5) open: indicator for open discussion, =1 if respondent chose to openly exchange views with host country students/colleagues on the topic of Taiwan's sovereignty, =0 otherwise.
(6) control: indicator for control condition, =1 if respondent is randomly assigned to the control group, =0 otherwise.
(7) PRC: indicator for Objectives Prime treatment condition, =1 if respondent is randomly assigned to the Objectives prime treatment, =0 otherwise.
(8) interpersonal: indicator for Social Prime treatment condition, =1 if respondent is randomly assigned to the Social prime treatment, =0 otherwise.
(9) VigOrder: order of the vignette, =1 if the vignette was the first vignette respondent read, =2 if the vignette was the second vignette respondent read.
(10) InClassVig: indicator for "in-class student" vignette, =1 if the vignette describes an "in-class student" scenario, =0 otherwise.
(11) Prv_clg: indicator for "private colleague conversation" vignette, =1 if the vignette describes a "private colleague conversation" scenario, =0 otherwise.
(12) Prv_stu: indicator for "private student conversation" vignette, =1 if the vignette describes a "private student conversation" scenario, =0 otherwise.
(13) female: indicator for female, =1 if respondent self-identified as a woman, =0 if respondent self-identified as a man.
(14) ccp: indicator for CCP membership, =1 if respondent is a CCP member, =0 if not a CCP member, =NA if respondent declined to answer.
(15) AgeOver30: indicator for over 30 years old, =1 if respondent is over 30 years old, =0 otherwise.
(16) age: age of respondent, numeric integer.
(17) Grad: indicator for graduate degree, =1 if respondent has a graduate school degree, =0 otherwise.
(18) TeachYearsBefore0: indicator for prior teaching experience, =1 if respondent has no teaching experience before joining CI, =0 otherwise.
(19) Chn_news_freq: indicator for frequent Chinese media consumption, =1 if respondent consumes news through China's domestic media several times a day, =0 otherwise.
(20) Local_news_freq: indicator for frequent host-country media consumption, =1 if respondent consumes news through host country media several times a day, =0 otherwise.
(21) ProfTeacher: indicator for senior CI teacher, =1 if respondent is a senior title CI teacher, =0 otherwise.
(22) colleague_everyday: indicator for frequent interaction with host country teachers, =1 if respondent interacts with host country colleagues at least once a day, =0 otherwise.
(23) CIYearsOverOne: indicator for working at CI for more than one year, =1 if respondent has been a CI teacher for over one year, =0 otherwise.
(24) current: indicator for currently working at an overseas CI at the time of the survey, =1 if yes, =0 otherwise.
(25) JoinMotivations_material: indicator for having a material motivation for working at CI, =1 if respondent joined CI because this could help their career after returning to China or this was arranged by their work unit/school in China; =0 otherwise. 
(26) TrainingOverMonth: indicator for receiving over one month of Hanban training, =1 if respondent received over one month of Hanban training before going abroad, =0 otherwise.
(27) misChinahigh: indicator for agreeing that "In general, the host country community has some misunderstandings of China’s political claims," =1 if respondent agrees with this statement, =0 otherwise.
(28) NorthAmerica: indicator for working at a CI in North America, =1 if respondent works at a CI located in North America, =0 otherwise.
(29) Ocenia: indicator for working at a CI in Oceania, =1 if respondent works at a CI located in Oceania, =0 otherwise.
(30) ChnPol_news_freq: indicator for frequent political news consumption through Chinese media, =1 if respondent reports that they frequently consume news about politics and current affairs through China's domestic media while teaching abroad, =0 otherwise.
(31) US: indicator for working at a CI in the United States, =1 if respondent works at a CI located in US, =0 otherwise.
(32) mission_misunderstanding: indicator for believing that CI teachers has a mission to "reduce foreigners' political misunderstanding against China"; =1 if respondent reports that they have this mission, =0 otherwise.
(33) textbook_HanbanRequire: indicator for using Hanban's required textbook; =1 if respondent reports they mainly use a textbook that is requested by Hanban, =0 otherwise.
(34) CIYears_num: number of years of service at CI, numeric integer.
(35) TeacherBefore: indicator for having full-time teaching experience before joining CI, =1 if yes, =0 otherwise.
(36) LocalMediaFriend: perceived friendliness of host country media towards China, numeric integer on the scale of 0-10 (10 = most friendly).
(37) LocalMediaFriendOver8: indicator for rating 8 or higher on the friendliness of host country media towards China; =1 if respondent reports 8 or higher out of 10 about how friendly they think their host country media are towards China, =0 otherwise.
(38) Reminder: indicator for anonymity reminder; =1 if respondent was randomly assigned to read a reminder about the anonymity and confidentiality of their response before seeing the treatment primes, =0 otherwise.
(39) personality: average of five self-rated personality items: politeness, friendliness, generosity, trust others, good at teamwork. Each item was rated by respondent on the scale of 1-5 where 5=very accurately describe me.
(40) agree_personality: indicator for self-rating having an agreeable personality; =1 if respondent rates herself 4 or 5 out of 5 points in the "personality" measure above, =0 otherwise.
(41) dropout_after_prime: indicator for dropping out of the survey after reading treatment prime; =1 if yes, =0 otherwise.
(42) dropout_after_prime_vignette: indicator for dropping out of the survey after reading treatment prime and the first vignette on Taiwan's sovereignty; =1 if yes, =0 otherwise.



2) CI_Placebo.csv: placebo survey experiment. Unit = respondent--vignette on placebo topic (high school dating).
-- Variables:
(1) SelfCensorPlacebo: indicator for self-censoring, = 1 if respondent chose not to express any opinion on the placebo topic, =0 otherwise.
(2) PosTakingPlacebo1: indicator for one-sided position taking, =1 if respondent asserted that Chinese high school student could date freely and then censor discussion on this topic, =0 otherwise.
(3) PosTakingPlacebo2: indicator for two-sided position introduction, =1 if respondent briefly introduced different perspectives on high school dating in China and then censor discussion on this topic, =0 otherwise.
(4) openPlacebo: indicator for open discussion, =1 if respondent chose to openly exchange views with host country students/colleagues on high school dating, =0 otherwise.
(5) control: indicator for control condition, =1 if respondent is randomly assigned to the control group, =0 otherwise.
(6) PRC: indicator for Objectives Prime treatment condition, =1 if respondent is randomly assigned to the Objectives prime treatment, =0 otherwise.
(7) interpersonal: indicator for Social Prime treatment condition, =1 if respondent is randomly assigned to the Social prime treatment, =0 otherwise.
(8) ccp: whether respondent is a CCP member, including three levels: yes, no, missing (decline to answer).
(9) Grad: indicator for graduate degree, =1 if respondent has a graduate school degree, =0 otherwise.
(10) female: indicator for female, =1 if respondent identified as a woman, =0 if respondent identified as a man.
(11) TeachYearsBefore0: indicator for prior teaching experience, =1 if respondent has no teaching experience prior to joining CI, =0 otherwise.
(12) Chn_news_freq: indicator for frequent Chinese media consumption, =1 if respondent consumes news through China's domestic media several times a day, =0 otherwise.
(13) Local_news_freq: indicator for frequent host-country media consumption, =1 if respondent consumes news through host country media several times a day, =0 otherwise.
(14) ProfTeacher: indicator for senior CI teacher, =1 if respondent is a senior title CI teacher, =0 otherwise.
(15) colleague_everyday: indicator for frequent interaction with host country teachers, =1 if respondent interacts with host country colleagues at least once a day, =0 otherwise.
(16) CIYearsOverOne: indicator for working at CI for more than one year, =1 if respondent has been a CI teacher for over one year, =0 otherwise.
(17) current: indicator for currently working at an overseas CI, =1 if yes, =0 otherwise.
(18) AgeOver30: indicator for over 30 years old, =1 if respondent is over 30 years old, =0 otherwise.
(19) JoinMotivations_material: indicator for having a material motivation for joining CI, =1 if respondent joined CI because this can help their career after returning to China or this is arranged by their work unit or school in China; =0 otherwise. 
(20) TrainingOverMonth: indicator for receiving over one month of Hanban training, =1 if respondent received over one month of Hanban training before going abroad, =0 otherwise.
(21) misChinahigh: indicator for agreeing that "In general, the host country community has some misunderstandings of China’s political claims," =1 if respondent agrees with this statement, =0 otherwise.


3) CI_RespondentDescriptives.csv: socio-demographic characteristics of respondents who answered at least one question in the survey. Unit = respondent.
-- Variables:
(1) ResponseId: respondent ID
(2) age: age of respondent, numeric integer.
(3) gender: gender of respondent, including two levels: men, women.(4) teacher_yr: years of teaching experience prior to joining CI, including three levels: <1 year, 1-4 years, >4 years.     
(5) ccp: whether respondent is a CCP member, including three levels: yes, no, decline to answer.
(6) educ: education level of respondent, including three levels: below bachelor's degree, bachelor's degree, graduate degree.
(7) ci_years: years of service at CI, including four levels: <1 year, 1 year, 2 year, >2 years.
(8) country: host country of respondent, including 80 unique countries.
(9) HanbanTrainingLength: length of Hanban pre-assignment training on respondent, including three levels: <1 month, 1 month, >1 month.
(10) motivation: motivation for joining CI (choose all that apply), including four levels: broden horizon for myself, help my career after returning to China, arranged by my work unit or school in China, other (explain).
(11) mission: perceived mission of CI teachers (choose all that apply), including six levels: help foreigners to learn Mandarin, help foreigners to learn Chinese traditional culture, learn about the strengths of foreign education system, attract foreigners to study and work in China, reduce foreigners' political misunderstanding against China, other (explain)
(12) textbook_source: source of mainly used textbook at CI, including four levels: provided by Hanban, provided by host-country schools, materials prepared by myself, other (explain).
(13) textbook_reason: why chose this textbook (choose all that apply), including five levels: requested by Hanban, requested by host-country schools, my own choice, used by previous teacher, other (explain).
(14) teaching_focus: main class taught at CI, including four levels: Mandarin, Chinese history and culture, not in charge of teaching, other (explain).
(15) student_composition: composition of students, including five levels: college students, high school, middle school, primary school, general public
(16) freq_interact_localcolleague: frequency of interacting with host-country local teachers, including three levels: daily, weekly, monthly
(17) LocalMediaFriendliness: perceived friendliness of host-country media towards China (0-10, 10=most friendly), including three levels: 0-4, 5-7, 8-10.
(18) TeachInd_college: lead class independently in college while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no (co-teach with host-country teachers), teach classes of both types, not applicable.
(19) TeachInd_ms: lead class independently in middle or high school while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no (co-teach with host-country teachers), teach classes of both types, not applicable.
(20) TeachInd_primary: lead class independently in primary school while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no (co-teach with host-country teachers), teach classes of both types, not applicable.
(21) TeachInd_Kid: lead class independently in kindergarten while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no (co-teach with host-country teachers), teach classes of both types, not applicable.
(22) TeachInd_public: lead class independently to the general public while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no (co-teach with host-country teachers), teach classes of both types, not applicable.(23) GPA_college: do your classes count toward students' GPA in college while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no, some courses counts and some don't, not applicable.
(24) GPA_hs: do your classes count toward students' GPA in high school while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no, some courses counts and some don't, not applicable.
(25) GPA_ms: do your classes count toward students' GPA in middle school while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no, some courses counts and some don't, not applicable.
(26) GPA_primary: do your classes count toward students' GPA in primary school while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no, some courses counts and some don't, not applicable.
(27) GPA_kid: do your classes count toward students' GPA in kindergarten while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no, some courses counts and some don't, not applicable.
(28) GPA_public: do your classes count toward general public students' GPA while teaching abroad? Including four levels: yes, no, some courses counts and some don't, not applicable.
(29) student_race1: biggest race of students while teaching abroad (open-ended response)
(30) student_race2: second biggest race of students while teaching abroad (open-ended response)
(31) student_race3: third biggest race of students while teaching abroad (open-ended response)
(33)-(40) HostStatement1--HostStatement8: eight claims about the respondent's host country, presented in randomized order, including:
	- "Host country students love asking questions in class."
	- "Host country students do not closely follow teachers' instruction."
	- "Host country students are very creative."
	- "Host country students are not self-disciplined in their studies."
	- "In general, the host country community is well informed about current conditions of everyday life among people living in China."
	- "In general, the host country community has a strong interest in traditional Chinese culture."
	- "In general, the host country community has some misunderstandings of China’s political claims."
	- "In general, the host country community has some misunderstandings of the Confucius Institute."
(41)-(48) HostValue1--HostValue8: how much do you agree with the statement about your host country? (on the scale of 0-10 where 10 = most agree)
(49) ChineseSocialMedia: frequency of consuming news through China's domestic social media while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(50) ChineseNewsWebsites: frequency of consuming news through China's domestic news websites while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(51) ChineseTVStations: frequency of consuming news through China's domestic TV channels while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(52) ChineseNewspaper.magazine: frequency of consuming news through China's domestic newspapers and magazines while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(53) Other: frequency of consuming news through China's other domestic media (explain) while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(54) LocalSocialMedia: frequency of consuming news through host country's social media while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(55) LocalNewsWebsites: frequency of consuming news through host country's news websites while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(56) LocalTVStations: frequency of consuming news through host country's TV channels while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(57) LocalRadio: frequency of consuming news through host country's radio while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(58) LocalNewspaper.magazine: frequency of consuming news through host country's newspapers and magazines while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(59) Other.1: frequency of consuming news through host country's other media (explain) while teaching abroad, including four levels: several times a day, several times a week, several times a month, almost never.
(60) news_ChineseSocialMedia: frequency of consuming political news and current affairs through China's domestic social media while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(61) news_ChineseNewsWebsites: frequency of consuming political news and current affairs through China's domestic news websites while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(62) news_ChineseTVStations: frequency of consuming political news and current affairs through China's domestic TV channels while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(63) news_ChineseNewspaper.magazine: frequency of consuming political news and current affairs through China's domestic newspapers and magazines while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(64) news_Other: frequency of consuming political news and current affairs through China's other domestic media while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(65) news_LocalSocialMedia: frequency of consuming news about China on host-country's social media while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(66) news_LocalNewsWebsites: frequency of consuming news about China on host-country's news websites while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(67) news_LocalTVStations: frequency of consuming news about China on host-country's TV channels while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(68) news_LocalRadio: frequency of consuming news about China through host-country's radio while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(69) news_LocalNewspaper.magazine: frequency of consuming news about China through host-country's newspapers and magazines while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
(70) news_Other.1: frequency of consuming news about China on host-country's other media while teaching abroad, including four levels: frequently, sometimes, occasionally, never.
